

Localization is a hard problem, but storing your translations in the DB is a bit unusual unless you’re trying to translate user data or something.
I’d recommend looking into tools like Project Fluent or similar that are designed around translating.
As for the schema you have, if you’re sticking with it, I would change the language into an IETF language tag or similar instead. The important part is that it separates language variants. For example, US English and British (or international) English have differences, Brazilian Portuguese and Portugal Portuguese have differences, Mexican Spanish and Spain Spanish have differences, etc.
Using an ID instead of the text content itself as part of the PK should be a no-brainer. Languages evolve over time, and translations change. PKs should not. Your choice of PK = (TextContentId, Language) is the most reasonable to me, though I still think that translations should live as assets to your application instead to better integrate with existing localization tools.
One last thing: people tend to believe that translating is enough to localize. It is not. For example, RTL languages often swap the entire UI direction to RTL, not just the text direction. Also, different cultures sometimes use different colors and icons than each other.
Nah I work in shitty codebases on a regular basis, and the less I need to touch them, the happier I am.
With regards to other localization changes, it’s not important to localize everything perfectly, but it’s good to be aware of what you can improve and what might cause some users to be less comfortable with the interface. That way you’re informed and can properly justify a sacrifice (like “it’d cost us a lot of time to support RTL interfaces but only 0.1% of users would use them”) rather than be surprised that there even is one being made.
Also, user-generated content explains why these are in a DB, and now it makes a lot more sense to me. User-generated translations used as-is makes more sense than trying to force Project Fluent (or other similar tools) into it.